Progessives and The Pure Food and Drug Act Essay - 862 Words

At the turn of the century America entered a new age that many historians call the Progressive Era. During this time period, the American Political system changed its view on how America should be brought about. It provided a purification of the American government through direct democracy. This era included many social and political reforms, which were brought about due to monopolies, and trust corporations. One the key pieces of legislation that was a prime example of the progressive era, was the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. This law came about due to muckraking, and also because of public and political interests. Muckraking, such as Upton Sinclair’s piece, â€Å"The Jungle†, helped in the timing of the adoption of this legislature.†¦show more content†¦These articles shifted the popular opinion in favor of a law being made to protect the regulation of food and prescription drug production. There were other measures that formed this bill, but it was the muckraking that pushed for the timing of the bill. One measure was public interests. During this time period many people began to question the quality of their food and how it was being processed. Also locals would write about such instances, such as when Adams wrote about the quality of the machines that came in contact with the meat. This outraged many citizens causing many groups to bombard Congress with their concerns. Also during this time, there were certain advances that labeled the food market during this time one of which is the development of cheaper food products. These cheaper products allowed for more competition between these cheaper brands and the more dominant more expensive brands. However, these cheaper brands did provide stiff competition for the dominant brands, but in this case was not necessarily a good thing. While the cheaper products did save those companies money, it hurt them in the public inte rest in the long run. This was because there were no regulations and the companies could alter the food and deceive the consumer, because of this. There was also the fear of the unknown, such as what the company has to done the food product and how their food was being handled. This could also lead to consumer being

The Battle Of The Triple Entente Dominated Europe

Map Exercises 1. In 1914, the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente dominated Europe. The nations that make up the Triple Alliance are located in the center of Europe. This allowed the countries to be able to move troops into other areas very quickly and support each other easily, but they can be blockaded by Britain (who belonged to the Triple Entente). The Triple Entente can reinforce each other since Russia was located far from France and Britain. The powers that were involved in the Balkans were Serbia and Austria-Hungary. The Ottoman Empire joined Germany and Austria-Hungary since Russia declared war on the Ottomans. 2. There were several reasons why the Germans were able to advance that far in 1914 and 1918. One, the Germans went straight through neutral Belgium. Two, they destroyed everything to stifle resistance. Finally, they relied on military gambles that were successful to an extent. The actions in the Western Front are better known since it was known for trench warfare and campaigns that resulted in heavy casualties. 3. The major battles that took place in the Eastern Front were located mainly near the Central Powers. The Russians initially attempted to invade eastern Germany, but were repulsed at Tannenburg and Masurian Lakes. The Allies attempted to knock out Turkey at Gallipoli, but failed. 4. The Reds had several advantages that enabled them to win the civil war. One, the Red Army had discipline. This was due to Leon Trotsky, who declared that anyShow MoreRelatedCritical Assessment of 3 Causes of World War 11361 Words   |  6 Pagesit gave groups of subject peoples the idea of forming independent nations of their own. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna took place. This was a conference held in Vienna in Austria between ambassadors from the major powers in Europe. 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There were many different ethnic groups throughout Europe, specifically the eastern areas. With the creation of new modern states united by ethnicity, such as Germany, other ethnicities began to desire an independent state for themselves, putting Europe in a state of disagreement. Main People Giuseppe Mazzini: An Italian liberator who, like many other Liberals and Napoleon III, profoundly believedRead More The First World War (WWI) Essay3406 Words   |  14 Pagesand non-warlike Luxembourg and Belgium enraged British public opinion, and their treaty with France was by this point thought too significant to be ignored. When Germany invaded France, Britain declared war. And quot;the lights went out all over Europe.quot; Greatly Mistaken Expectations: The Technology Problems of W.W.I: 1. Communications were much faster, but even with railroads it took a significant amount of time to move troops, and once troops were mobilized, it was hard for a nation toRead MoreGrade 10 History Notes3557 Words   |  15 PagesThe Age of Laurier Wilfred Laurier, Prime Minister (1896-1911) †¢ Canada dominated by Victorian Ideals -Children seen, but not heard -Young couples could not meed without escort -Gentlemen Ladies wore hats -Ladies entertained at home, always observing best etiquitte -Playing cards and whiskey seen as immoral †¢ New technology altered life for many -Telephone -Automobile-rich man’s toy -Bicycle- New styles; cheaper than a horse -Radio -Mechanized farms: combines, threshers -†Magic

The Effects of Memory Improvement by Saying Words Aloud Free Essays

string(78) " the early memory processing, as cited by Reynolds amp; Malley \(2008\)\." This experiment proposes to study the effects of memory improvement by reciting and saying the words out loud to oneself. Participants will be assigned to either two different types of conditions and will then be required to recall the information of words as best as they can. It is assumed that a higher level of generating the targeted words into memory is improved when readers say the words out loud to themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Memory Improvement by Saying Words Aloud or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus, the hypothesis concluded is that people who say words out loud after reading them are expected to improve their memory in retaining information. The Effects of Memory Improvement by Saying Words Aloud Whenever a person thinks, sees or hear words that are needed later on for remembrance, most of us would automatically try to retain the information by methods of imagery, recitation and elaboration to bring it more meaning in their understanding of the definition of those words. Words and languages are interrelatedly connected and associated with memory. Historically, memory is a complex system which began in primitive organisms that stores an assorted array of fragments that grows more indispensable as we advance through the years. In terms of retaining memory, humans have extraordinary abilities to accumulate a huge amount of knowledge, but they do not always be able to retrieve or gain access to the parts that have since long been forgotten. Since words serve as a medium to communicate and interact with other people, it is a natural part of daily life that people will say certain words out loud in order to effectively convey particular messages or to recall specific information. According to Macleod et al. 2010), saying a word out loud or at least mouthing it, improves memory function by increasing its distinctiveness, i. e. making it unusual compared to others. The fact that producing a word aloud, which is relative to simply reading a word silently, improves explicit memory (Hourihan amp; MacLeod, 2010). The past studies done on the effects of mouthing or vocalizing words to an extent of memory recall often yield consistently similar results in which those who have recited the information out loud were bein g reinforced to maintain that information for a longer term. Physically moving or acting out the words by means of vocalization would involve certain electrical muscle movement so that information sent to the brain are known to increase mental response, thus it has its relativity on the ‘generation effect’. This generation effect refers to an enhanced memory encoding by which a participant has better memory improvement by being involved in its creation or by acting it out. By vocalizing â€Å"out loud†, recitation in past research by Foley et al. (1983) as cited in Dodson amp; Schacter (2001) had participants to hear and say words out loud. Reciting words out loud would naturally be one of the most effective method for review because it employs more of the senses than any other review technique (imagery, auditory). For instance, in Schacter et al. ’s (1999) study, when students were reviewing notes or tests immediately after class by means of vocal recitation, they yielded higher scores in memory improvement because not only will they be consolidating the new information, but also it strengthens the neural traces made to the brain. It ‘provides a basis for employing a distinctiveness heuristic during the test. (Dodson amp; Schacter, 2001). Reciting words out loud to understand the message conveyed by a sentence or paragraph would only then have a higher chance of that information moving on into the long-term memory, as most verbal information goes first in the short-term memory. When information is rehearsed aloud, part of it goes into our long-term memory. The most recent research done by Hourihan amp; Mac Leod (2010) found that reading words aloud during study explicitly improves memory compared to reading a word silently and this is called ‘the production effect’. The researches hold that the production effect is that by saying words aloud would make them distinctive and better recognized than words which are read silently, which will be easier to forget. This distinctiveness is not available for the words read silently (Hourihan amp; MacLeod, 2010). The production effect has its basis on the generation effect whereby reciting words out loud produce a certain distinctiveness as done by a series of experiments by Macleod et al. , (2008). Moreover, a study done by Strain, Patterson amp; Seidenberg, (1995) as cited in McKay et al. (2008) found that words containing high imageability (e. g. house, chair, elephant) are proposed to have stronger representations in semantic memory. However, past researches found contrasting results compared to Hourihan amp; MacLeod’s. Research done by Maisto et al. (1977) as cited in Mohindra amp; Wilding (1980) in a free recall tests found that saying each word out loud three times had impaired their memory performance when subjected to expected recall. This study is further supported by Folkard amp; Monk (1979) as cited in Mohindra amp; Wilding (1980) where they suggested that articulating words impaired free recall. In view of these findings which yielded contrasting or relatively different results in relation to vocalizing words out loud, it can be explained that participants were using a strategic reading process when reading the words aloud, since it does not normally involve the conscious recall of information (MacLeod amp; Masson, 2000) as cited in McKay et al. 2008). There is also a claim that a potential issue in difference of these researchers’ results could be in the time criterion whereby participants shift the influence of certain words to a different semantic pathway (Strain et al. , 1995, as cited in McKay et al. , 2008). However, recent research done by Reynolds amp; Besner (2008) suggests that contrary to the view that by vocalizing words out loud is entirely an automatic memory encoding, it in fact requires some form of attention. Previous research was investigated further where participants were exposed to reading lexicon and pseudo homophones aloud that required the use of central attention. In research done by Blais amp; Besner (2007), repetition of words of lexical representations suggests longer persistence in the early memory processing, as cited by Reynolds amp; Malley (2008). You read "The Effects of Memory Improvement by Saying Words Aloud" in category "Papers" It was discussed earlier that possibly the mere action of vocalizing words for memory recall will encourage memory improvement at a higher level, thus making a person to be able to better retrieve previous information if need be (Macleod et al. 2010). In another study, Kappel, Harfard, Burns amp; Anderson, (1973) gave another possible explanation on the advantage of reading words out loud, indicating that serial voiced recall were found to be superior for the later positions, and these results replicates previous experiments done by Murray (196 6) and Conrad amp; Hull (1968). However, Kappel et al. , (1973) proposed that the results reported suggest that differences in participants’ level of processing information to memory between saying out loud and reading silently. Similar to the researches done by Macleod and Hourihan (2010), our proposed study focuses in determining whether reading and saying words out loud would have an effect on people’s memory improvement and recall when acquiring new information. The hypothesis of our proposed experiment is that adults, who vocalize new information aloud is expected to have higher memory improvement and better recall of information, thus have the highest number of correct answers in the test as indication of their reading the story out loud during the experiment. Based on past researches, I am taking the side with the assumption that saying words aloud can aid in memory improvement to gather information during other reviewing or learning new knowledge, as such an act would require a certain amount of cognitive effort, thus enabling adults to improve their memory technique on learning tasks at hand. Methods Participants As many as 200 participants from schools and offices will be recruited in this study. All participants will include both English speaking males and females and should be between the ages of 18 to 30 years old. All participants will be divided into two categories, each receiving a story in the English language of an average English proficiency level. It should be estimated that the total number of males and females selected are approximately equal in number. The participants will not engage in any other experiments beforehand. Design In this experiment, we will be using a 1 (memory improvement or performance) x 2 (participants recite the story out loud or does not recite the story out loud) independent design. The first independent variable (IV) is the participants’ memory improvement and their ability to remember certain information in the story. For this proposed experiment, the operational definition of reciting the story out loud is where a participant vocally recites aloud a story as they read and comprehend the story at the same time. The dependent variable (DV) is the vocal recitation of the story either the participants read it out loud, or to just read the story silently. Materials The materials to be used in this experiment include administrative letters sent out to the participants informing them of the research and what is expected of them. Procedural materials include the sheets of paper containing the story, test papers with 30 fill-in-the-blank questions, experimenters’ scripts and a stopwatch to keep track of time. The sheets of paper which contains the story to be later recalled by the participants will be a short story that is in English and contains approximately 1000 words. It is entirely fictional and unique, therefore it is not in any way affiliated to share any resemblance or similarities to stories the participants would have known in the past i. e. fairytales or well-known childhood stories. Thus, we expect the participants to be reading and learning about new information based on the fictional story given. This is done so as to reduce any extraneous variables that may interfere with the results of the experiment. The test papers consist of 30 fill-in-the-blank questions that require the participants to answer by recalling information based on the story provided. This format is chosen to avoid any possibility that participants may get the correct answer by chance of lucky guesses. The experimenters’ scripts will contain the standard instructions for the experimenters to read out to the participants when conducting the experiment. Procedure Participants will be randomly assigned to 1 of 2 rooms. In each of the rooms, it is expected to have approximately similar ratio of male and female participants so as to avoid gender directed outcomes and to maintain neutrality. Participants will be led into the room by the experimenter and be asked to take a seat. They will then be briefed on the experiment and will be required to sign two consent forms, one of which is to be kept for themselves and the other, for the research copy of the experimenter. In Room 1, each participant will be provided with a sheet of paper containing the fictional story to be read out loud by the participants. The following instructions will be read out to them: â€Å"You are required to read the fictional story provided out loud. You are highly encouraged to vocalize your words aloud at your own pace. † In Room 2, each participant will be provided with a sheet of paper containing the fictional story. The instructions read will be as follows: â€Å"You are required to read the fictional story given silently. You are not allowed to vocalize your words by reading the story out loud. You will read the story silently at your own pace. † The experiment will take 25 minutes for the participants to take time to read the story. After they read the story, each participant will be given a surprise fill-in-the-blanks test. The test consists of 30 questions relating to the fictional short story that they had to read earlier. Participants will be given 20 minutes to answer the set of questions. Their answer sheets will then be collected and the participants will be thanked for participating in the research. Statistical Analysis This experiment will use an independent t-test to calculate the results of the experiment. This test will be used because this study has only 1 IV with 2 levels (1Ãâ€"2) and uses between-subjects design, in which the participants will experience different levels of the IV. References Besner, D. , O’Malley, Shannon, amp; Robidoux, S. (2010). On the Joint Effects of Stimulus Quality, Regularity, and Lexicality When Reading Aloud: New Challenges. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(3), 750-764. Retrieved June 16, 2010 from PsychARTICLES database. Dodson, Chad S. amp; Schacter, Daniel. L. (2001). If I Had Said It, I Would Remember It: Reducing False Memories with a Distinctiveness Heuristic. Psychonomic Bulletin amp; Review, 8 (1), 155-161. Retrieved June 14, 2010 from http://pbr. psychonomicjournals. org/content/8/1/155. full. pdf Hourihan, Kathleen L. amp; Macleod, Colin M. (2008). Directed Forgetting Meets the Production Effect: Distinctive Processing is Resistant to Intentional Forgetting. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 62, No. 4, 242-246. Retrieved June 14, 2010 from PsychARTICLES database. Kappel, S. , Harford, M. , Burns, V. amp; Anderson, N. (1973). Effects of Vocalization on Short-Term Memory for Words. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 101(2), 314-317. Retrieved June 16, 2010 from PsychARTICLES database. MacLeod, C. , Gopie, N. , Hourihan, K. , Neary, K. , amp; Ozubko, J. (2010). The Production Effect: Delineation of a Phenomenon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(3). 671-685. Retrieved June 16, 2010 from PsychARTICLES database. McKay, A. , Davis, C. , Savage, G. , amp; Castles, A. (2008). Semantic Involvement in Reading Aloud: Evidence from a Non-Word Training Study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(6), 1495-1517. Retrieved June 18 from PsychARTICLES database. Reynolds, M. , amp; Besner, D. (2008). Contextual Effects on Reading Aloud: Evidence for Pathway Control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(1), 50-64. Retrieved June 14, 2010 from PsychARTICLES database. Wilding, J. , amp; Mohindra, N. (1980). Effects of Subvocal Suppression, Articulating Aloud and Noise on Sequence Recall. British Journal of Psychology, 71(2), 247. Retrieved June 18, 2010 from Academic Source Premier database. How to cite The Effects of Memory Improvement by Saying Words Aloud, Papers

Courage essay example for students Example For Students

Courage essay example for students Perhaps each person thinks about some eternal issues such as happiness, love, and courage. Each person at least once asks himself or herself What is courage? and if he or she is a courageous person. Not one essay is written on the topic what courage is and how a person understand  this term. As I am not an exception, I also try to understand the notion of courage and its reflection in the modern world. First of all, it is vital to mention that to be courage is more than words; it is presented with actions and deeds. One may describe courage person as a powerful fighter, faithful patriot, or brave fireman. However, a person should not forget that courage is the ability to resist own fears. It is an important quality not only for firefighters, police officers, or medieval knight but each live person. An individual experiences courage since childhood, for example, when a toddler is learning to walk. Even though children are known as fearless people, they have to be courage to stand on their feet without fear to fall, while doing their first steps. They need to have this quality while climbing on the bed that is higher than the previous one. And, for sure, they need the courage to stand on the chair, singing songs and reciting rhymes for the crowd of guests who are staring at each of them. That is why when any of my friends ask: â€Å"What does courage mean to you?† I always answer that it is the thing that makes me feel strong to overcome my fears. Obviously, a life of each person is different, but the common thing that exists in everybody’s life is a challenge at a certain life stage. At first one is afraid to perform in front of the guest, then to go to the school, to get acquainted with the new classmates, to fail exams, to be fired, etc. Each person has own challenges and own fears, but when he or she overcomes the difficulties, an individual may feel like the most courageous person in the world. The moment when a person faces his or her fear is the high time to understand personal identity. If a person succeeds to overcome, it means courage is in his or her blood. If a person fails, he or she always has the chance to train own courage starting with the small fears. Generally speaking, courage may be regarded subjectively as a notion of human qualities. But the important fact is that the person has to have this quality to resist own fears and weaknesses. Even if it seems to be impossible, a person has to try, as nobody knows how much a human can. When one fear is overcome, the second and the third follow to be overcome as well. When a person feels the power above his or her fears, he or she can be called the courageous person, and any difficulties or fear cannot scare him or her.