Bullying And The School System Essay - 1562 Words

Introduction Merriman Webster’s Dictionary defines a bully as â€Å"one habitually cruel to others who are weaker.† One could venture to say that bullies have been around as long as there have been stronger and weaker people in the world. Miller (2012) points out that oftentimes bullies are people who are aware of the variation in others because they themselves have experienced the world in some way that is different from the general norm. He goes on to mention that bullying could be considered a form of microaggression and assumes many different shapes. Lastly, he identifies a series of different types of bullying that bullies can perpetuate which include: verbal, physical, material, relational, hate-motivated, and cyber (Miller 2012). The main argument of this paper is that federal and state legislation are not rigorous enough to address the burgeoning demand to address the issue of anti-bullying in the school systems. This paper will delve into the legislation and national experi ences as they relate to bullying in the school systems. The issue will be explored using the five lenses of the Blau and Abramovits (2014) policy model to take a look at the issues, debates, policies, and legislations that surround bullying in the schools. These five lenses are: the economic, political, ideological, historical, and social movement. The current issue of aggression and bullying in the school system has a significant impact on the field of social workers. School social workers addressShow MoreRelatedBullying And School System Are No Secret Essay1502 Words   |  7 PagesHannah Swan EdSE 620 Research paper 9/25/16 Bullying and Aggression in Schools Bullying and aggressive behavior in the school system are no secret. Many people have encountered a bully, or have been a bully at some point in their lives. According to the American Psychological Association (APA) bullying â€Å"is a form of aggressive behavior in which someone intentionally and repeatedly causes another person injury or discomfort. Bullying can take the form of physical contact, words or more subtleRead MoreThe Effects Of School Bullying On Students And The Climate Of A School System891 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluence of school bullying is not as one dimensional as some have thought, and recent studies have examined this issue from the angles of student perception as well as socio-cultural perspectives (Espelage et al., 2014). Bullying is a dynamic issue with the capability to impact schools in numerous areas. Researchers typically categorize the negative effects of school bullying in terms of short and long term consequences and in terms of its impact on indi vidual students and the climate of a school systemRead MoreThe Effects Of Bullying On Students Within The School System920 Words   |  4 Pagesor children carry. Bullying. Bullying over the course of the years still plays a role in the education system. Although the form of bullying has changed from the past to now, it still has an effect on students within the school systems. In the past there was the physical form of bullying where â€Å"jocks† would push the â€Å"nerds† into lockers or their books out of their hands. Another typical term used by bullies that anybody can recognize is, â€Å"give me your lunch money,† but bullying has evolved over theRead MoreBullying : A School Based Program For The Baltimore County Public School System934 Words   |  4 PagesA Rationale for â€Å"Be a Buddy not a Bully†: A School Based Program for the Baltimore County Public School System in Maryland In recent years the problematic circumstances of bullying has been brought to attention as a widespread problem. Most bullying takes place on school grounds and outside school grounds, affecting numerous students. Bullying is any unwanted aggressive behaviors of youths or groups of youth who are not current dating partners or siblings that involves a perceived or observed powerRead MoreEssay on Bullying: a Social Issue That the School System Ignores2921 Words   |  12 PagesRunning Head: BULLYING Bullying: A Social Issue That the School System Ignores â€Å"Never be bullied into silence. Never allow yourself to be made a victim. Accept no ones definition of your life, but define yourself†. – Harvey S. Firestone The Issue Strong, influential and cruel are just some of the words that come to mind when you hear the word bully. In American culture, bullying among children and teenagers has often been dismissed as a normal part of growing up. Little attentionRead MoreBullying Has Been A Big Problem In Our School System For1745 Words   |  7 PagesBullying has been a big problem in our school system for many years, but it has escalated over the past decade due to the new era of modern technology. Unanimously, we can agree that our daily lives greatly depend on technologies; the internet, cellphones, computers, tablets, IPad etc. Although the uses of technology positively impacted our lives, there is also the downside when it uses have negative connotations. For instance, modern technology made it very easy to engage in cyberbullying, perpetratorsRead MoreBullying Is Becoming More Spread At An Alarming And Dangerous Rate Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pages General Purpose:Bullying in schools is becoming more spread at an alarming and dangerous rate. Specific Purpose:School systems that are commonly viewed as excellent sources of receiving an education are becoming a host of parasitic bullying, negatively affecting students learning environments. Central Idea: The presence of bullying is growing. It has reached a point that as it is becoming worse in school systems and is affecting students of all ages. This calls for a need of intervention or theRead MoreThe Influence Of School Bullying881 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluence of school bullying is not as one dimensional as some have thought, and recent studies have examined this issue from the angles of student perception as well as socio-cultural perspectives (Espelage et al., 2014). Bullying is a dynamic issue with the capability to impact schools in numerous areas. Researchers typically categorize the negative effects of school bullying in terms of both individual short and long term consequences and in terms of the overall climate of a school system. SmithymanRead MoreBullying Is Becoming More Spread At An Alarming And Dangerous Rate Essay1152 Words   |  5 Pages Bullying in schools is becoming more spread at an alarming and dangerous rate. Specifically,School systems that are commonly viewed as excellent sources of receiving education are becoming a host of parasitic bullying, negatively affecting students learning environments. The presence of bullying is presented like a disease and is growing. It has reached a point that to prevent it from becoming worse, school systems need to intervene or establish stricter policies towards anti-bullying so thatRead MoreThe School Setting And Bully Prevention Programs1468 Words   |  6 Pages Issues in the School Setting and Bully Prevention Programs A positive school climate is definitely essential to effectively prevent bullying behaviors, thus it is vital for school personnel to understand what constitutes a positive school climate. A simple definition for school climate is the quality and frequency of positive interactions between students at school, the quality and frequency of positive interactions between adults at school and equally important is the quality and frequency of

SA IBL TB8e Ch14 - 2815 Words

CHAPTER 14—NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE LAW TRUE/FALSE 1. The NAFTA Binational Panel found that the sale of U.S. twine in Canada at unfairly low prices caused past injury to Canadian twine producers. ANS: T PTS: 1 2. In 1994, the Extraordinary Challenge Committee found that the U.S. Department of Commerce was correct in implementing countervailing duties against Canadian lumber. ANS: F PTS: 1 3. Production sharing is intended to create U.S. jobs by encouraging the use of U.S.-made components when assembly of a product takes place in a foreign country. ANS: T PTS: 1 4. In Samsonite Corporation v. United States, it was found that the luggage handles were only assembled in Mexico and therefore not subject to duties. ANS: F PTS: 1†¦show more content†¦d. Samsonite luggage did not cause serious injury to the Mexican luggage industry. ANS: B PTS: 1 2. A free trade area is: a. Two countries that have a common external tariff. b. A geographic area between two countries where there are no tariffs. c. A group of two or more countries in which import duties and other trade barriers are reduced or eliminated. d. A geographic area between two countries where tariffs are reduced, but not necessarily eliminated. ANS: C PTS: 1 3. NAFTA was based on: a. The U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement. b. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. c. The Generalized System of Preferences. d. The North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation. e. None of the above. ANS: A PTS: 1 4. Harmonized tariff schedules break down product classifications into: a. 6 digits. b. 8 digits. c. 10 digits. d. 12 digits. ANS: C PTS: 1 5. Which of the following statements is untrue regarding trade between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico? a. Canada and the United States are each other s largest trading partners. b. Mexico underwent a serious financial crisis in 1994. c. Some key industries in Mexico are government-owned monopolies. d. Mexico has had a traditionally open market that encourages foreign investment. e. All of the above statements are correct. ANS: D PTS: 1 6. A customs union is: a. A group of customs laws intended to reduce tariffs and stimulate trade. b. A free trade area with a common external tariff. c. A

Essay on American Philosophy - 514 Words

American Philosophy In all its forms, American philosophy emphasizes freedom and the supreme importance of the individual. Indeed, an examination of four major American writers shows these concepts in all four main schools of American thought-- Epicureanism, Transcendentalism, Pragmatism, and Protestantism. Epicureanism is the pursuit of pleasure in order to avoid pain. This philosophy is very American. One of the most famous American-Epicureans is Walt Whitman. Whitman is, perhaps, Americas greatest poet. He was an ardent supporter of freedom and democracy. His poetry not only reflected his love and respect for America, but also the importance and the needs of the individual. Whitmans love for America stems from the†¦show more content†¦Many of Whitmans poems contain graphic sex scenes. By describing his own feelings, Whitman hoped to encourage other Americans to pursue their own feelings in a country that allowed it. Transcendentalism is another American philosophy that also deals h eavily with the individual. Transcendentalists believed formalized society oppressed the individual. Thus, they strove to create a doctrine that stressed the importance of the individual. Ralph Waldo Emerson suggested this idea in his book Nature. Emerson maintains that man is one with Nature and Nature is one with God, therefore giving the ordinary individual validity and worth. These two qualities are attributes that every American is familiar with and has a desire for. Another Transcendental concept is the phrase Trust Thyself. Transcendentalists believed that human nature is essentially good; thus, an individual should rely on his or her intuition. This concept may be the reason for Americans hating to admit that they are wrong. Pragmatism is also a philosophy that is deeply embedded in American culture. Pragmatism is a doctrine which tests truth by its practical consequences. William James was the most influential American-pragmatic philosopher. James used pragmatis m to solve the problems that interfered with the individuals feeling at home in the universe. James concluded that philosophy was only useful if one could use it to better his or her life. Americans today think theShow MoreRelatedThe American Enlightenment Philosophy784 Words   |  3 PagesThe American Enlightenment Philosophy developed for a period of almost a century starting in mid 18th century and continued till the latter parts of the 19th century. This was the same era in which the America gained independence and the nation was developing as a cohesive unit. It was on the rise and the people wanted to leave a mark o the international scene. Just like we saw an Age of Enlightenment in the European areas almost a 100 years back the same pattern was being followed and exhibitedRead MorePolitical Philosophy And American Political Thought981 Words   |  4 Pages I have applied to participate in the Hertog Summer Programs in Classical Political Philosophy and American Political Thought because of my passion for politics. This passion inspired me to become commit to the Major in Government at Georgetown University. A professor once gave me the following definition of politics as, â€Å"the resolution of conflict among the competing interests of individuals, groups, and or nations.† Therefore, the study of politics in my opinion is the study of how groups reachRead MoreTranscendentalism, An American Philosophy1640 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican philosophers during the early to mid-1800s embraced a new liberal movement known as transcendentalism that posed a silent threat to the current social and political institutions of the time period. Henry David Thoreau acted as the father of this new philosophy that would go on to transform the social structure of America into what it is and is still becoming today. Transcendentalism is an American philosophy that humankind has an innate sense of being and knowledge of the world aroundRead MoreThe Philosophy of the American Settlers Westward Expansion Leads to Expulsion of the Native Americans1197 Words   |  5 PagesThe people of the United States who were settling westward in the early nineteenth century viewed the Native Americans as a threat to westward expansion, and therefore pressured their leaders to set up policies that would remove Indians. Due to the long history various conflicts between Indians and Americans, the American settlers were apprehensive toward the Indians, leading to the perceived need of the removal of the Indians for their safety. Andrew Jackson’s negative attitude toward of the IndiansRead MoreManifest Destiny Is An American Philosophy Essay2281 Words   |  10 PagesManifest Destiny is an American philosophy with which it is to justify how that country has understood their place in the world and how to r elate to other people. It is a doctrine, phrase or idea that expresses the belief that the United States is destined to spread to the four winds as supports the idea that is, to expand on the territories conquered North America and, in general, on the Western Hemisphere. This doctrine was not free of racism, considering that the American people were superior toRead MoreChange the American Philosophy on Consumerism and the Lending Industry1142 Words   |  5 Pagesis two-pronged: change the American philosophy on consumerism and debt while also making concrete changes in the way the lending industry works. Both demand taking a long-term view in order to be successful. A New Philosophy Changing one’s philosophy is easy, but putting it into practice on a daily basis is not. One needs to employ will-power, diligence and the ability to think long-term, all virtues that fell by the wayside long ago in America. Anymore, Americans get what they want, when theyRead MoreThe Course Pack Provided For The Native American Philosophy864 Words   |  4 PagesThe Course Pack provided for the Native American Philosophy contained nine articles combined to demonstrate the huge philosophical gap of ideologies between Canada and the Aboriginal people. A couple articles comment how Canada in the past has attempted to discriminate, assimilate and destroy the aboriginal people and when that did not work, their cultures and assimilate them into European Canada ways. Evidently this has not worked. The course pack talks about the differences of ideologies beingRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Education : Rita Pierson, An American Educator1301 Words   |  6 PagesRita Pierson, an Americ an educator, once stated, â€Å"Every child deserves a champion, an adult who will never give up on them, who understands the power of connection, and insists that they become the best that they can possibly be† (â€Å"Every Kid,† 2013). Her comment is reflected within my philosophy of teaching. One’s philosophy of education defines who they strive to be as an educator; it clearly forms the way one will teach and guides their expectations for their students. Children are the future ofRead MoreEarly American Literature Influenced by Religious Ideologies and Philosophies1769 Words   |  8 PagesIn the beginning times of American Literature, Puritan writers were prevalent which grew into the Age of Reason by way of scientists and philosophers, which eventually emerged into Romanticism and the Renaissance writers, which developed into Realism by the middle of 19th century. Throughout American Literature, religious ideologies and philosophies influenced the way tha t writers portrayed the time period, characters, feelings, and God. Through Puritan writers, literature is influenced by religiousRead MoreEducational Philosophies Influence Curriculum From The Establishment Of The American School Systems1133 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Educational philosophies influence curriculum from the establishment of the American school systems. The five major philosophies that have influence American education are: 1) Idealism, 2) Essentialism, 3) Perennialism, 4) Progressivism, and 5) Experimentalism. Idealism, Essentialism, and Perennialism are all teacher-based philosophies putting the teacher at the core of the educational experience, with students being passive members of the classroom. In contrast, Progressivism and Experimentalism

South African Institute Mining Metallurgy -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The South African Institute Mining Metallurgy? Answer: Introduction The shire is responsible for maintenance of thousands of kilometers of road in suburban sprawl and semi-rural areas (Usman, Fu and Miranda-Moreno, 2012). Every year the shire city council receives various kinds of request regarding repairing of road not only after torrential rain but also due to general type of wear and tear. As a result of housing development on a continuous basis the shire needs some ways or methods by which it can have ways for monitoring and proper management of road can be done easily. This report mainly deals with various technologies which can be used for maintenance of road with the shire council (Xia et al. 2012). The road network in every nation is considered to be principal foundation for proper functioning of transport. It contributes to provide wide range of benefits in economic and social terms. Proper maintenance of road based infrastructure is needed for achievement and preserving of those benefits. In the coming pages of the report a comparison has been provided between two selected technologies as per the appropriateness of The shire city council area. After that various aspects like infrastructure, existing technology solution, data storage and processing facilities has been discussed in details. After that various aspects like storage, cost, security, ease of use and accessibility has been discussed in details. Infrastructure Proper system must be used which can be used for collection of data from all the state roads within the shire city council. The suggested way must determine the condition of road from the data prior to repairing (Usman, Fu and Miranda-Moreno, 2012). The system should have the capability for displaying information to the council road maintenance managers who can easily use that information for work orders for large number of crew members. Internet connection Internet connection can be considered to be helpful for management of traffic and maintenance of road. Various kinds of internet based device like GPS (Global Positioning System), camera are considered to be important for maintenance of road. IOT generally helps in collection of various kinds of information which totally based on traffic and collection of information in an automated and intelligent way (Wortmann and Flchter, 2015). With help of internet system one can easily become more reliable and intelligent in tracing of various kinds of faults in roads. With help of WSN and sensor depended data can be easily traced and maintained. Wireless technologies Bluetooth technology provides a platform where variety of devices can be connected easily (Whaiduzzaman et al. 2014). It generally provides a platform for transfer and sharing of data by making use of this technology. Bluetooth technology has many function and it can be easily used in various markets of wireless communication (Usman, Fu and Miranda-Moreno, 2012). There are lots of advantages of using Bluetooth technology like low power signal within the range of 50 feet which is used for transmission of data. There are many advantages of using Bluetooth that are: It is wireless in nature. It is cheaper It has generally low interferences It has low value of energy One can easily share voice and data. One can easily create personal area network. This technology is upgradable It is used worldwide and various universal standard. Wide area network (WAN) is nothing but a kind of network which generally exists over a large geographical area. A WAN is generally used for establishment of connection between local area network and metro area network (MAN) (Thompson and Visser, 2013). With the help of this technology computers and user in one location can easily establish communication with computer in another location. Existing Technology solution Open IOT Implementation of different types of road ways in the IOT based network is known to be difficult in thing of various types of roads. Roadways can be considered to be an important thing for establishment of connection of various types of network devices (Thompson et al. 2014). OpenIoT is considered for simple for using as it can easily provide connectivity for various kinds of IOT depended resources and capabilities. It is considered to be an integral component for various kinds of future internet of things. OpenIoT is generally used by various kinds of communities which researchers and developers. Lora WAN LoraWAN is nothing but a low powered wide area network which is generally used for wireless operation of battery in a regional or global network. It generally aims the main requirements of internet of things like bi-directional communication, mobility and various kinds of local services (Sultana, Rahman and Chowdhury, 2013). LoraWAN generally differs from kinds of network that it makes use of star architecture and central node which can be easily used for connection of gateway servers between end device and central network. It is used in various kinds of road technology for establishment of communication over a long distance. Data storage and processing facilities A data center is nothing a facility which provides IT operation and equipment in various organization. This is generally inclusive both computing and non-computing processes which are specific to data center environment (Streimikiene, BaleÃ… ¾entis and BaleÃ… ¾entien?, 2013). Data centers operations are generally inclusive of both automated and manual kinds of process for keeping the data centers operation. When various kinds of data centers are shared it led to the creation of virtual data center which can easily provide physical access to large number of organization. Cloud computing Cloud computing is a known term for delivery of various kinds of services over the internet. It generally provides various kinds of organization for consumption of compute resources like virtual type of machines for storage or application (Ruiz et al. 2012). There are number of benefits of using cloud computing that are Reduction of cost Speed Global platform or scale. Productivity Performance Reliability Cloud computing provides a platform which removes the expenditure of purchasing of software and hardware and lastly setting up of data centers. Major of the cloud computing services provide self-services on demand with few minutes of click (Robbins and Judge, 2012). It creates a stage where same data can be accessed from any geographical position. Datacenters generally require racking and stacking of various kinds of hardware set up and other kinds of time consuming IT management things (Rittinghouse, and Ransome, 2016). The biggest benefit which can be obtained for cloud based services are worldwide networks which are based on secure type of datacenters that is generally upgraded on the latest generation of fast and efficient kind of computing based hardware. Cloud computing generally provides backup of data, recovery during disaster and many other kind of facilities. There are mainly three type of cloud based services that are IaaS, PaaS and SaaS (Nakamura and Chow-White, 2013). Major of the cloud computing services can be divided into three types namely Infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service(PaaS) and lastly software as a Services (SaaS). There are generally three types of cloud deployment that are Public Cloud Private Cloud Hybrid Cloud Public Cloud: Public cloud are generally owned and maintained by various kinds of third party cloud providers. It can easily deliver various kinds of computing devices like storage and server which generally work on Internet. Hybrid Cloud: Private cloud generally relates to various kinds of cloud computing sources which is generally done by single business and organization. It provides a platform by which data and application can easily move between private and cloud. Private Cloud: A private cloud generally refers to cloud services which is own by a single organization. A private cloud is generally located on the on-site data center. Contrast and Comparison WAN stands for wide area network that generally provides network over a large zone or area. This particular technology is generally used for monitoring or management of various types of roads (Jamil and Zaki, 2016). WAN services are considered to be cheaper in comparison to other kinds of services. It generally addresses various kinds of malware protection, intrusion and servers. WAN services help in elimination of ISDN, reduction in cost and increasing of profits of organizations in a large number of ways. RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) which is known to be a well-known technology that uses radio frequency for transferring of data between reader and various kinds of moveable items which is tagged with this. RFID technology can be easily like a transponder which is used in registration of different vehicle (Huidrom, Das and Sud, 2013). RFID tag or sensor is generally used in various individual cars so that adequate data can be collected from spot and can be easily delivered to the destination. Various kinds of RFID tag generally store data containing detail information of the vehicle along with number plate. This particular technology can be considered to be useful for estimating the number of vehicle and its speed. RFID is generally considered to be as the leading technology due to number of factors like low cost and support to various business (Gao and Zhang, 2013). RFID technology can easily transform every object into a smart object. The data of various road segment is generally saved in the database as soon as it is connected to internet for various kinds of purpose and application (Frow et al. 2015). GPS receiver is generally installed in various kinds of workstation which can communicate through GPS for obtaining of various kinds of information (Dupont et al. 2012). As soon as the data is transmitted by the help of GPRS which is generally based on various kinds of central database where data can be easily updated on a regular interval or basis. There are generally two types of RFID that are active and passive RFID. RFID tags which are active cost around 1250 to 2000 dollars while passive reader cost around 3000 to 20000 dollars (Denisov, Kamaev and Kizim, 2013). There are generally two type of security problems in RFID that are violation of security and privacy. In the matters of violation of privacy attackers generally focus on harvesting information which is generally given by the object. It checks the communication between object and reader by tracking it. This kind of security attacks damages the physical tag by giving undeniable kind of communication (Botta et al..2014). RFID tag are generally easy to use as has information embedded in it that can be transferred by the help of radio waves. It does not work like bar or codes between tag and reader. Conclusion The above discussion relates us to shire city council which is involved in maintenance of thousands of kilometers of roads in urban and semi-rural areas. The report focuses on suggesting of new methods and ways which can be used for monitoring and maintenance of various roads. This particular organization addresses repairing of road due to heavy rain and wear and tear. The shire needs some techniques which can be used for collection of data of road within the city. This ability can be used for displaying of information to the council of road maintenance manager which can turn information into work orders for various kinds of crew members. Two technology solution has been compared depending on appropriateness of the shire city area. Various kinds of infrastructure like internet connection, LAN, Bluetooth, RF, WAN and IOT based technologies has been discussed. Different kinds of existing technology like LoraWAN, OpenIOT has been discussed in brief. Apart from that data storage and proc essing facilities like data center, cloud computing, distributed storage and processing has been discussed. All the parameters have been discussed taking into account the parameters like power usage, cost, security, ease of use and accessibility. Two technologies like WANand RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) has been compared in details. Various kinds of cloud computing like public, hybrid and private has been discussed. An idea has been provided regarding LoraWAN and open IOT has been provided. Various kinds of wireless technology like Bluetooth and wide area network (WAN) has been discussed. References Botta, A., De Donato, W., Persico, V. and Pescap, A., 2014, August. On the integration of cloud computing and internet of things. InFuture internet of things and cloud (FiCloud), 2014 international conference on(pp. 23-30). IEEE. Denisov, M.V., Kamaev, V.A. and Kizim, A.V., 2013. Organization of the repair and maintenance in road sector with ontologies and multi-agent systems.Procedia Technology,9, pp.819-825. Dupont, C., Schulze, T., Giuliani, G., Somov, A. and Hermenier, F., 2012, May. An energy aware framework for virtual machine placement in cloud federated data centres. InFuture Energy Systems: Where Energy, Computing and Communication Meet (e-Energy), 2012 Third International Conference on(pp. 1-10). IEEE. Frow, P., Nenonen, S., Payne, A. and Storbacka, K., 2015. Managing co?creation design: A strategic approach to innovation.British Journal of Management,26(3), pp.463-483. Gao, H. and Zhang, X., 2013. A Markov?Based Road Maintenance Optimization Model Considering User Costs.Computer?Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering,28(6), pp.451-464. Huidrom, L., Das, L.K. and Sud, S.K., 2013. Method for automated assessment of potholes, cracks and patches from road surface video clips.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,104, pp.312-321. Jamil, D. and Zaki, H., 2016. Security issues in cloud computing and countermeasures.International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST),3(4), pp.2672-2676. Nakamura, L. and Chow-White, P. eds., 2013.Race after the Internet. Routledge. Rittinghouse, J.W. and Ransome, J.F., 2016.Cloud computing: implementation, management, and security. CRC press. Robbins, S.P. and Judge, T., 2012. Essentials of organizational behavior. Ruiz, A.R.J., Granja, F.S., Honorato, J.C.P. and Rosas, J.I.G., 2012. Accurate pedestrian indoor navigation by tightly coupling foot-mounted IMU and RFID measurements.IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and measurement,61(1), pp.178-189. Streimikiene, D., BaleÃ… ¾entis, T. and BaleÃ… ¾entien?, L., 2013. Comparative assessment of road transport technologies.Renewable and sustainable energy reviews,20, pp.611-618 Sultana, M., Rahman, A. and Chowdhury, S., 2013. A review of performance based maintenance of road infrastructure by contracting.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,62(3), pp.276-292. Thompson, R., Visser, A., Miller, R. and Lowe, T., 2014. Development of real-time mine road maintenance management system using haul truck and road vibration signature analysis.Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (1819), pp.305-312. Thompson, R.J. and Visser, A.T., 2013. Mine haul road maintenance management systems.Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,103(5), pp.303-312. Usman, T., Fu, L. and Miranda-Moreno, L.F., 2012. A disaggregate model for quantifying the safety effects of winter road maintenance activities at an operational level.Accident Analysis Prevention,48, pp.368-378. Whaiduzzaman, M., Sookhak, M., Gani, A. and Buyya, R., 2014. A survey on vehicular cloud computing.Journal of Network and Computer Applications,40, pp.325-344. Wortmann, F. and Flchter, K., 2015. Internet of things.Business Information Systems Engineering,57(3), pp.221-224. Xia, F., Yang, L.T., Wang, L. and Vinel, A., 2012. Internet of things.International Journal of Communication Systems,25(9), p.1101.

Constitutional Law of Australia

Question: Discuss about theConstitutional Law of Australia. Answer: Introduction: Since 1901, the Constitution of Australia and its Defense legislation were never in necessity of the government to obtain permission of Parliament in taking decisions regarding organization of defense forces out of the country or to declare war with other countries. Several attempts have been made by the Democrats and Greens to implement the involvement of the government in taking such decisions. In 2010, Australian Green's Bill related to the Defense Amendment Bill was rejected by the Committee of the Defense and Trade Legislation and the Senate Foreign Affairs stating it to be an incredible piece of legislation. In this paper, we will discuss the validity of authorizing the operation of the armed forces without the permission of the Parliament. We will consider Commonwealth legislation and common law authorities in this regard also. Discussion The government of Australia was uncertain about the possibility of declaring war against other countries without permission of the British Government. However, under Section 51(vi), the Parliament has the power to legislate the defense power in order to make sure that all the chief decisions related to the war must be taken only after the approval by the Parliament.[1],[2] The Constitutional Section 61 mentions that the Queen possesses the administrative power of the Commonwealth and these powers can be exercised by the Governor General on behalf of the Queen. The Governor General shall take advice from Executive Council appointed in the Commonwealth government under Section 62 of the Constitution.[3] The right to take decisions regarding the declaration of war, arrangement of troops as well as the declaration of peace in the earlier times has become a part of the administrative power of the Commonwealth which is exercised by the Governor General on recommendations of the Executive Council. However, the Prime Minister and Cabinet take decisions related to the war and deployment of military out of the country without taking into consideration the decisions of Governor General or the Federal executive Council.[4] The Charter of the United Nations requires approval by the UN Security Council before taking decisions related to war and military operations by member countries. Article 24 of the United Nations Charter states that member nations of the Security Council must carry out their duties on guidance and behalf of the Security Council.[5],[6] In September 2008, Senator Scott Ludlam initiated the Defense Amendment Bill to make essential the approval by Parliament before deploying troops in other countries but Defense and Trade Legislation Committee rejected the bill.[7] In Declaration of War against other countries, there are no legal provisions in Australia. However, Section 4 of the Defense Act states that the meaning of war is any kind of invasion or attack by enemy or military forces. In an interview held in September 2014 with ABC Radio, Julie Bishop, the Foreign Minister of the country claimed that the government in power could take decisions unilaterally regarding deployment of troops in other country.[8] In past also, for all the wars such as World War I, the UN Wars, and Second Gulf War in 2003, all the essential decisions regarding sending military forces were taken by the then Prime Minister and Cabinet(McCormack, 2016).[9] The Constitution of Australia empowers the Queen to take decisions with the advice of the Governor General who in turn acts on advice of the Prime Minister and the Executive Council which includes all ministers and secretaries of the Parliament.[10] However, the power of the executive government can be regulated by the Parliament as it is responsible for framing laws related to the naval and military defense control of the Commonwealth.[11] Therefore, the government should take approval by the Parliament before taking decisions related to declaration of war and deployment of troops in other nations. Under obligations of international law, being a member nation to the UN Charter, Australia should follow the preamble of the Charter. It states that international conflicts should be resolved peacefully and deployment of armed forces should be the last resort that too for the welfare of the international community and not for the benefit of individual nation. Conclusion In Australia, the Constitution provides the government the right to take decisions related to declaration of war and deployment of military forces and does not require parliamentary approval for such decisions. However, taking into consideration the legislations of international law, the fact is clear that the use of violence must be the last option according to UN Charter. The government in power should take such decisions along with the permission of the Parliament. References Grey, Jeffrey,A Military History Of Australia(Cambridge University Press, 1999) McCormack, Tara, "The Emerging Parliamentary Convention on British Military Action and Warfare by Remote Control" (2016) 161The RUSI Journal McKeown, Deirdre and Roy Jordan, "Parliamentary Involvement In Declaring War And Deploying Forces Overseas" (Department of Parliamentary Services, Parliament of Australia, 2010) https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/bn/pol/parliamentaryinvolvement.pdf Nzelibe, Jide, "Are Congressionally Authorized Wars Perverse?" 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